Furthermore, most research on middle eastern security focuses on the armed forces themselves rather than on the civilian leaders seeking to control them. Read more civil society and oversight civil military relations political transition. The paper is an enquiry into civil military relations and leadership crisis in 21st century africa with emphasis on mauritania, guinea, niger and mali. While all studies in civil military relations have sought to discover this perfect balance, there have been a wide variety of proposed solutions by scholars throughout the years. The theory of civilmilitary relations itself is based on democratic theory and its most fundamental principle ensuring that the people have ultimate control over the government. Issues like demilitarisation, resettlement and restructuring of the armed forces in a way that contained erstwhile warring groups have become more strident than ever in the region.
Jul 18, 20 egypt and syria will continue to face domestic strife until their civil military relations are resolved. Moskos, professor emeritus of sociology, northwestern university rebecca schiffs work on concordance theory brings an important perspective to the study of civil military relations. Army regime, the left, and social change under nasser. Revisiting egypts civilmilitary relations egypt al. In this respect, it will make an essential reading for students and practitioners in the fields of civil military relations, defense studies, war and conflict studies, international security, and. Although egypt has not been vocal in support for any sides of syrias ongoing civil war, abdel fattah elsisi said in 2016 that his nations priority is supporting national armies, which he said included the syrian armed forces.
Improved civilmilitary relations hold the key to egypts political future. Events around the arab world in the last few years illustrate the weakness of civil society and its incapacity to prevail over wellorganised regimes, particularly military ones. Offering a nowclassic description of the military mind conservative, realistic, and pessimistic about human nature he prescribes objective control as the optimum form of. Praetorianism the military s political interference should not be feared if military officers remained true professionals dedicated to their missions. The ability to build and demonstrate support from a societal constituency, or an important. Kamrava, mehran, military professionalization and civilmilitary relations in the middle east, political science quarterly, vol. The president of the arab republic of egypt is the commander of the armed forces, full stop. In egypt, until the coup ousting mursi, the legitimacy within the free officers. And yet five years on, it has withstood a mass public revolt, a multifront war, and tens of thousands of defections. The military, the media and public perceptions in egypt communication and civil military relations egypt civil military relations conference paper series paper 3 romuald bolliger mohamed elmenshawy and ragnar weilandt dcaf dcaf a centre for security, development and the rule of law. The routledge handbook of civil military relations is a valuable addition to the existing literature in the field of civil military relations.
The routledge handbook of civilmilitary relations 1st. Civilmilitary relations in arab states carnegie middle. Sami annan were both given top civilian posts as advisers to the president, while the air and naval chiefs along with the air. The analysis of civilmilitary relations is wellestablished as a field of study within. The militarys commanding ranks were purged of dissenting officers after an attempted coup against president hugo chavez in 2002. The program on civil military relations in arab states cmras is an initiative to develop policy tools, build civilian and military expertise in defense affairs, and enable civil military dialogue. This book explains arab military responses to the social uprisings which began in 2011. Understanding power and influence shifts in egypts civilmilitary relations requires an analysis of societal dynamics and of loyalties in the officer corps. Studies of civil military relations in the middle east include both the contributions discussing the topic of civil military relations specifically, either based on single cases or on broader comparisons of several cases, as well as studies of the state formation of various middle eastern states, where civil military relations are a. In the case of syria the army needs to absolve its loyalty for assad and offer it to the syrian population and a new government that represents the will of the people. Following the campaign for the return to constitutionalism, democracy and rule of law in the 1990s, human rights ngos have.
The theory of civil military relations itself is based on democratic theory and its most fundamental principle ensuring that the people have ultimate control over the government. The military and the state in the middle east theoretical and. A short description of the evolution of civil military relations in turkey from the ottoman period to 1980 14. Yet the types or patterns of civilmilitary relations vary signifi. Comparative analysis of different types of civilmilitary relations in the middle east recommended readings. Through a comparative case study analysis of egyptian, tunisian, libyan, and syrian militaries, it explains why militaries fractured, supported the regime in power, or removed their presidents.
It aims to foster civilian oversight of defense sectors in arab states, and to support the modernization and professionalization of arab armed forces. Herspring considers the factors that allow some civilian and military organizations to operate more productively in a political context than others, bringing into comparative study for the first time the military organizations of the u. The purpose of the analysis is to develop recommendations for improving civil military cooperation in order to aid the provision of more effective relief, stabilization, and. Civilmilitary relations theory suggests that a functional and effective military requires a unique culture, separate from its parent society. David pionberlin 2011 the study of civilmilitary relations in new democr acies, asian journal of political science, 19.
Pdf the theory and practice of civilmilitary relations. Following the 1952 coup, nasser sought to transform egyptian society by. Saad 1994the military in modern times do not operate in an era when civil society was either weak or not so focused on the way the military carry out internal security duties. It does so by assessing the objectives of the egyptian military. This regional insight was prepared as part of the 20142015 renegotiating arab civilmilitary relations. Civilmilitary relations in the transition to democracy. A balanced relationship between the civilian and military forces of a democracy is built on the basis of civilian noninterference in military decisions. Comparing the political role of the military in egypt and turkey ahmed abd rabou this work focuses on civilmilitary relations cmr in egypt, a country that witnessed uprisings calling for democratic change in january 2011, which led to the ousting of hosni mubarak from the presidency, the. The geneva centre for the democratic control of armed forces dcaf organised a conference in montreux, switzerland from 2 to 4 april 2014 to examine the relationship between the armed forces and citizens of egypt. Civil military relations 2 2 2a third track, though further removed from the development of civil military theory, is the large literature on the interrelationship between war, the military, and state development tilly 1975, downing 1991.
Arab uprisings, armed forces, and civilmilitary relations. Sep 03, 20 omar ashours report analyzes civilmilitary relations during and in the aftermath of the egyptian revolution of january 2011. These solutions vary in their prescription of the proper civil military relationship as well as their depth for providing an. An interdisciplinary journal which publishes articles on civil military relations, force diversity, veterans, military families, privatization, officer training, recruitment and retention, public opinion, conflict. Egypt and syria are only 800 km apart, separated by israel. Decades of corruption had stripped the syrian arab army of its combat and operational professionalism. Arab civilmilitary relations the syrian army was not combat ready when the countrys current conflict erupted in spring 2011. Revisiting egypts civilmilitary relations egypt al jazeera. Egypt civilmilitary relations 19522011 request pdf. Egypt has little hope of social stability, and thereby economic recovery, if the relationship between the. Read more civil society and oversight civilmilitary relations political transition.
Aug, 2012 egyptian president mohammed morsi on aug. Understanding shifts in egyptian civilmilitary relations understanding power and influence shifts in egypt s civil military relations requires an analysis of societal dynamics and of loyalties in the officer corps. Typologies of civil military relations 7 a model for determining the type of civil military relations 10 civil military relations in turkey and greece 12 chapter two. Kamrava, mehran, military professionalization and civil military relations in the middle east, political science quarterly, vol. Visit our website for other free publication downloads. The ability to build and demonstrate support from a societal constituency, or an important faction in the officer corps, is a source of leverage for both political and military leaders. Civilmilitary relations take many forms, but fundamentally contain an inherent tension. These books lay out two divergent understandings of the military profession and its relation to civil society. The global community has an important role to play in helping to professionalize military forces around the world and improve civil military relationships. Since the free officers coup in 1952, the balance of power in egypt between political and military leaders has often depended on the presidents ability to. Understanding shifts in egyptian civilmilitary relations. This is a most timely reference for social scientists, military leaders, and concerned citizens. The legal framework for egypts civilmilitary relations.
This article argues that these differences can be explained with reference to different forms of civilmilitary relations and different characteristics of the military apparatus. Civilmilitary relations in the mena european union institute for. Civilmilitary relations and the prospects for reform military compact. Egypt clearly suffers from a structural imbalance in its relations between the state and the military, which is a key issue for any transitional roadmap to democracy.
This is based on the assumption that a gap between the military and society is inevitable as the militarys function, the lawful application of military force in accordance with government direction, is fundamentally different from civilian. For huntington, the tension between soldier and statesman is rooted in the essence of professionalism. Since the early 1980s however, civilmilitary relations in the middle east have. Egyptian and syrian civilmilitary relations einternational relations. Coupled with similar inroads in other countries, these linkages could in the future enable russia to forge at least. The principal professional organization for civil military scholars is the interuniversity seminar on armed forces and society ius. February 2020 civilmilitary relations in arab states. Enhancing civilian and military relations to prevent. Pdf in the 1950s and 1960s, a wave of military coups in the middle east triggered. The military, the media and public perceptions in egypt. The project sought to promote research on armed forces in arab states and on the challenges of democratic transition.
Request pdf egypt civilmilitary relations 19522011 arafat offers an in depth analysis of egypt coupproof strategies employed by different egyptian. Pdf the study of civilmilitary relations in new democracies. In this article i will use social contract theory in order to explain how the responsibilities of the egyptian military towards its military leadership and towards its people will guide the military. Comparative analysis of different types of civil military relations in the middle east recommended readings. Jun 01, 20 a provocative approach to evaluating civil military relations. However, several days later, egypt officially denied it has a military presence in syria.
In the wake of the arab spring, researchers are again turning their attention to the role of the armed forces and their impact on social and political developments in the middle east. The following sections are going to analyze civilmilitary relations in nasser was. In all of these nationstates, the relationship between the state, society, and. In all of these nationstates, the relationship between the state, society, and the armed forces is a key issue of political organization of state and nation. It claims in particular that the degree of institutionalization of the armed forces and their relationship to society at large can account for the divergent. Firstly, civilians control the military formally but, informally, the military has the potential to overthrow its civilian overseers at any given time. Egyptian and syrian civilmilitary relations glen segell, jul 18 20, 577 views. Request pdf egypt civilmilitary relations 19522011 arafat offers an indepth analysis of egypt coupproof strategies employed by different egyptian. Political and economic governance in transition project run by the carnegie middle east center. Defense minister and head of the supreme council of the armed forces field marshal mohamed hussein tantawi and army chief of staff lt. The theory and politics of civil military relations new york. Civilmilitary relations and shared responsibility johns.
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